yersinia pestis gram positive or negative

The overlying skin is smooth and reddened but often not warm. [PubMed], 35. Targeted cells to receive Yops in infected animals are mainly neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells (59). 1. J Infect Dis 2005; 191:1907-1912. In endemic areas in the US, several cases may have been caused by household pets, especially cats (infected by eating infected rodents). Biochemical tests reveal subcultures to be catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, urease-negative, indole-negative, phenylalanine deaminase-negative, rhamnose-negative, and ONPG (O-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside)-positive (64, 68). These cells transport Y. pestis to lymph nodes and, thereby, both present its antigens to the immune system and set the stage for an inflamed bubo (88). Found inside – Page 41Not all bacteria stain using the Gram method, e.g., ... (dysentery) Yersinia pestis (plague), Y. enterocolitica (gastroenteritis) Leptospira (Leptospirosis) ... [PubMed], 4. Found inside – Page 784... Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, gram-positive and Yersinia pestis. [Hans C.J. Gram; L, positivus], retaining the violet color of the stain ... The pulse may be rapid and thready; hypotension may occur. Prior vaccination does not exclude plague; clinical illness may occur in vaccinated people. Expression of plasminogen activator Pla of Yersinia pestis enhances bacterial attachment to the mammalian extracellular matrix. [PubMed], 14. Pain can be severe; many patients refuse oral intake. Levofloxacin taken for 7 days is an alternative. Adjunctive therapy is sometimes appropriate with intravenous fluids, oxygen, mechanical ventilation, vasopressors, hemodialysis, and blood transfusion. The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Clostridium Tetani Essay . New subunit vaccines that contain F1 antigen and V antigen of Y. pestis are currently being tested for safety and immunogenicity. Around the lymph node there is edema due to obstruction of lymphatic flow. Gentamicin is recommended for intravenous or intramuscular dosing of 5mg/kg body weight a day in 3 divided doses or once daily for 7-10 days. J Antimicrob Chemother 2003; 52: 1029-1031. Encoded by the 100 kb Fra/pMT1 plasmid, F1 is a protein that forms a fibrillar capsule around the bacterium (23). Yersinia pestis Orientalis in remains of ancient plague patients, Plague Victims Catapulted Over Walls Into Besieged City. Those with primary or secondary pneumonic plague require strict respiratory isolation and droplet precautions (see the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Resources for Clinicians). Levofloxacin taken for 7 days is an alternative. Additionally, the RipA gene allows Y. pestis to survive in activated macrophages exposed to interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) by reducing nitric oxide in the cells (69). Treat with streptomycin or gentamicin; acceptable alternatives include doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and chloramphenicol. Without F1 antigen, bacteria after a flea bite are taken up by dendritic cells and macrophages, where they survive and grow while producing F1 antigen that allows organisms in later stages of infection to multiply extracellularly while resisting phagocytosis (88). In Madagascar flea transmission occurs mainly from R. rattus in the highlands but in the coastal city of Mahajanga house shrews also harbor infection (8). Future Microbiol 2007; 2;377-385. Found inside – Page 618A gram stain of sputum revealed rare white blood cells and no bacteria ... culture isolate subsequently was presumptively identified as Y. pestis at the ... Degradation of laminin probably allows bacteria to spread and aids their migration to lymph node (47). Yersinia pestis is the only species of its genus that remains immotile at room . Encoded by chromosomal genes it has a surface structure and function similar to that of F1 antigen but acts independently of F1 to reduce uptake of bacteria by mouse macrophages (38). Start studying Bacterial Type - Gram Positive or Negative. Boulanger LL, Ettestad P, Fogarty JD, Dennis DT, Romig D, Mertz G. Gentamicin and tetracycline for the treatment human plague: review of 75 cases in New Mexico, 1985-1999. In particular, TLR2 recognizes bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan or lipoprotein and TLR4 recognizes LPS (11, 81). Lancet 2000;355: 111-113. This clinical form without a bubo goes often unrecognized until a blood culture is processed because it is a nonspecific febrile illness. Both species can cause pharyngitis Sore Throat Sore throat is pain in the posterior pharynx that occurs with or without swallowing. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37:769-774. Y. pestis reaches a regional lymph node from the flea bite site by lymphatic flow. Cases of cat-associated human plague in western USA, 1977-1998. Diagnosis is epidemiologic and clinical, confirmed by culture and serologic testing. Found inside – Page 9All Yersinia enterocolitica are pathogenic: virulence of phylogroup 1 Y. enterocolitica ... Type IV secretion in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Bonacorsi SP, Scavizzi MR, Guiyoule A, Amouroux JH, Carniel E.  Assessment of a fluoroquinolone, three β-lactams, two aminoglycosides, and a cycline in the treatment of murine Yersinia pestis infection. At this time, blood culture showed large numbers of Y. pestisbetween log10 cfu/ml of 3.4 and 9.0. Common manifestations include asymmetric arthritis... read more . Hence, it is a differential stain. Bacteria inoculated by a flea that had its proventriculus blocked by a biofilm elaborated by Y. pestis are more resistant to phagocytosis by neutrophils than bacteria not associated with a biofilm and thus are more capable of surviving in the human (40). Margaret Parsons and Karl F. Meyer via the Public Health Image Library of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Progression of primary pneumonic plague: a mouse model of infection, pathology, and bacterial transcriptional activity. J Commun Dis 2004; 36:233-239. His organism was resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, sulfonamide, ampicillin, kanamycin, and spectinomycin. and Pseudomonas species. Prevention is focused on food handling and preparation, household pets, and epidemiology of suspected outbreaks. This edition incorporates updates on infectious disease and the human microbiome, a revised discussion of the immune system, and an expanded Learning Design Concept feature that challenges students to develop critical-thinking skills ... Boisier P, Rahalison L, Rasolomaharo M, Ratsitorahina M, Mahafaly M, Razafimahefa M, Duplantier J-M, Ratsifasoamanana L, Chanteau S. Epidemiologic features of four successive annual outbreaks of bubonic plague in Mahajanga, Madagascar. Ratsitorahina M, Chanteau S, Rahalison L, Ratsifasoamanana L, Boisier P. Epidemiological and diagnostic aspects of the outbreak of pneumonic plague in Madagascar. Lukaszewski RA, Kenny DJ, Taylor R, Rees DGC, Hartley MG, Oyston PCF. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3233-3236. After a flea bite or cutaneous inoculation of bacteria from handling animal tissues, organisms migrate to the nearest lymph node, where they proliferate and elicit inflammation that leads to fever and a swollen, painful, and tender lymph node, which is the bubo. In addition to flea transmission, some cases are caused by direct handling of animal tissues when bacteria are inoculated through skin lacerations or when aerosolized bacteria are inhaled. Temperature should be taken every 4 hours for 6 days. Travelers should be given prophylaxis with doxycycline 100 mg every 12 hours during exposure periods. Lipopolysaccharide-associated resistance to killing of yersiniae by complement. Yersinia genus belongs to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The anti-phagocytic pH 6 antigen (psa) is likewise chromosomally encoded as are genes for cell wall rough lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which lacks O-antigen side chains of the other Yersinia species. [PubMed], 84. It is manifested as a bubonic, septicemic, or pneumonic plague. A bipolar stain is a particular staining pattern that colors only the two opposite poles of the microorganism in question, leaving the rest of the bacterium unstained or of a lighter color. In endemic areas in the US, several cases may have been caused by household pets, especially cats (infected by eating infected rodents). In intranasal infections, treatment with streptomycin, ciprofloxacin, and ofloxacin were most effective (14). E-Sun Technologies, Inc. No portion of this site may be reproduced. Hinnebusch BJ, Rudolf AE, Cherepanov P, Dixon JE, Schwan TG, Forsberg A. A primary cutaneous lesion (papule, pustule, ulcer, or eschar) may form at the site of the flea bite. [PubMed], 53. Symptoms are either severe pneumonia or massive lymphadenopathy with high fever, often . [PubMed], 11. Migration to lymph nodes may also be facilitated by rough LPS of Y. pestis attaching to the DC-SIGN receptor on dendritic cells and macrophages, which in turn carry organisms via lymphatic vessels (88). For readers interested in reviews that address human plague as well as bacterial genetics and virulence attributes of Y. pestis, they should consult some that were published in the past decade or so (11, 12, 39, 43, 64, 68, 75, 85). As a multi-functional protease, Pla cleaves C3 of the complement system with the possible effect to reduce chemoattraction of leukocytes to sites of infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14(6):943. Yersinia pestis is a nonmotile, slow-growing, aerobic and facultative anaerobic organism classified in the family Enterobacteriaceae. This ability to adhere to mammalian tissues requires Pla, which specifically degrades a component of the ECM called laminin. History CDC: Plague Frequently Asked Questions, All pneumonic plague contacts should be under medical surveillance. Staining, cultures, and serologic and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Thus, colonies of Y. pestis on agar growth media appear rough rather than smooth. Structural features and structural variability of the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pestis, the cause of plague. Alternatively, doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, or chloramphenicol. A diagnostic specimen contains many Gram-negative bacilli or blue bacilli with Wayson’s stain. It appears as plump, gram-negative coccobacilli that are seen mostly as single cells or pairs, and which may exhibit bipolar staining from a direct specimen. This rapid growth of bacteria is due, in part, to the ability ofY. [PubMed], 63. Rapid diagnosis of plague is important because mortality increases significantly the longer treatment is delayed. It was started by a hunter who killed and skinned a sick wildcat, developing fever 5 days later followed by cough and hemoptysis suggestive of pneumonia. In bubonic plague, the most common form, the incubation period is usually 2 to 5 days but varies from a few hours to 12 days. Live organism or capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Human plague – four states, 2006. In septicemic or pneumonic plague, treatment must begin within 24 hours with one of the following if renal function is normal: Streptomycin 15 mg/kg (up to 1 g) IM 2 times a day, Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IM or IV once a day (or 2 mg/kg loading dose followed by 1.7 mg/kg every 8 hours). The drug of choice for plague was streptomycin for several decades after its introduction in 1948. Note: Y. pestis is the only species of Yersinia that is non-motile at room temperature. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2014; 90:1047-1058. When several Yops have been separately analyzed, Yops B and D are parts of the TTSS needle, and V antigen forms the tip of the needle (61). The Pasteur Institute workers applied the dipstick to bubo aspirates and other specimens in Madagascar finding it highly specific and potentially more sensitive than both culture and F1 ELISA. How the structural gene products of Yersinia pestis relate to virulence. It differs from LPS of other enteric Gram-negative bacteria by not having an O side chain. Other symptoms that sometimes accompany bubonic plague are chills, headache, weakness, myalgias, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Internatl Microbiol 1999; 2:161-167. Blocked fleas are unable to clear their midguts of infected blood, leading them to bite repeatedly and regurgitate bacteria into the skin of its next host. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. More recently, this toxin , shown to be a phospholipase D, has been recast as instrumental in flea transmission by allowing bacteria after ingestion to survive and multiply in the flea midgut (37, 40). Eisen RJ, Petersen JM. Coughing produces airborne droplets that are inhaled by family or other up-close personal contacts. Most untreated patients with pneumonic plague die within 48 hours of symptom onset. This image shows a swollen inguinal bubo. Common manifestations include asymmetric arthritis... read more . The patient may be restless, delirious, confused, and uncoordinated. Non motile. pestis and gives a positive specific bacteriophage lysis test. Chloramphenicol should be given in a loading dose of 25 mg/kg IV, followed by 12.5 mg/kg IV or orally every 6 hours. It is an aerobic, facultatively anaerobic, and facultatively intracellular pathogen. Infect Immun 2006; 74: 3727-3741. Emerg Infect Dis 2008;14(6):941-943. Yersinia (formerly Pasteurella) pestis is a short bacillus that often shows bipolar staining (especially with Giemsa stain) and may resemble a safety pin. Toxicities of drug therapy should be monitored by symptomatic systems review and measurement of serum creatinine when aminoglycoside antibiotic is employed. Cough, not prominent initially, develops within 24 hours. Yersinia virulence factor YopJ acts as a deubiquitinase to inhibit NF-κB activation. In USA about 25% of plague is septicemic with a mortality of 30-50%, which is higher than for bubonic because of delays in diagnosis and giving patients appropriate antibiotics. Specimen types in order of likely positive smear results are:bubo aspirates, tissue, blood, sputum. Emerg Infect Dis 2002;8: 311-316. Margolis DA, Burns J, Reed SL, Ginsberg MM, O’Grady TC, Vinetz JM. The incubation period from flea bite to symptomatic disease is 2-10 days (29). Human-to-human transmission occurs by inhaling droplets from patients with pulmonary infection (primary pneumonic plague), which is highly contagious. Gram-negative bacteria and some examples of species that colonise humans. [PubMed], 85. Explore isis325's photos on Flickr. Pneumonic plague can also be transmitted via exposure in a laboratory or intentional aerosol spread as an act of bioterrorism Biological Agents as Weapons Biological warfare (BW) is the use of microbiological agents for hostile purposes. The USA reported 57 cases. Lowell JL, Magner DM, Atshaber B, Antolin MF, Vogler AJ, Keim P, Chu MC, Gage KL. , MD, FACP, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University; , MD, FACP, Wellington Regional Medical Center. Its role could be that plasminogen activation to plasmin results in freeing bacteria from fibrin strands, thus allowing dissemination through the lung (49). Microbiol Pathogen 2004;37:47-54. Yersinia pestis is a zoonotic pathogen that is most commonly transmitted through fleas that feed on infected rodents.Y. Plague occurs primarily in wild rodents (eg, rats, mice, squirrels, prairie dogs) and is transmitted from rodent to human by the bite of an infected rat flea vector. Released bacteria resist further phagocytosis by using Yops and the TTSS to induce apoptosis of macrophages and neutrophils as well as keeping pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma in check, with the result that bacteria proliferate unhindered. Patients with cough should have a chest x-ray carried out as well as a sputum culture for Y. pestis. It was susceptible to trimethoprim, which was the drug credited with saving his life because he had received streptomycin plus the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole. Heine HS, Louie A, Sorgel F, Bassett J, Miller L, Sullivan LJ, Kinzig-Schippers M, Drusano GL. Doxycycline 100 mg IV or orally every 12 hours is an alternative. Found inside – Page 6Yersinia pestis A facultative gram-negative bacillus Reservoir Rodent, Rabbit, ... May or may not be supported by laboratory finding of Gram stain negative ... Yersinia . Production of outer membrane vesicles by the plague pathogen Yersinia pestis. During the process, increased platelet aggregation and coagulation... read more , gangrene of the extremities (hence, the name Black Death), and multiorgan failure eventually develop. Diagnosis is... read more ). Gram-negative bacteria lose the lipopolysaccharide layer along with the primary stain following the application of a decolorizer during staining. The legacy of this great resource continues as the Merck Manual in the US and Canada and the MSD Manual outside of North America. There, the same progression follows as occurred in the bubo from intracellular multiplication to extracellular explosive growth with extensive inflammatory injury. [PubMed], 46. Found inside – Page 63Gram Stain Smears of the Agents of Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis), Plague (Yersinia ... original magnification 250); B, Y pestis is a gram-negative, plump, ... Chromosomally encoded Ail proteins confer resistance to complement-mediated serum killing, allowing Y. pestis to survive in mammalian tissues such as blood and to be transmitted by fleas that ingest blood meals containing Y. pestis. Human plague in all endemic countries shows seasonal variation. Yersinia enterocolitica Small gram-negative coccobacilli Urease positive* lndole variable Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Urease positive* ** Y. pseudotuberculosis and Y. enterocolitica give stronger reactions in urea agar or broth when incubated at 25 -28°C, but incubation at this temperature is not necessary to demonstrate urease production. Fatal cases in USA, for which days of illness before treatment were recorded, were sick for 2-5 days (17, 29). Yersinia pestis . Prentice MB, Rahalison L. Plague. It’s considered a key virulence factor for both bubonic and pneumonic plague, but its several biological activities have resulted in changing concepts about its role in pathogenesis. 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 19:505-506. Several key virulence attributes of Y. pestis have been identified and studied in mutant bacteria lacking them (74). [PubMed], 31. Other tests include immunofluorescent staining and serology; a titer of > 1:16 or a 4-fold rise between acute and convalescent titers is positive. It appears as plump, gram-negative coccobacilli that are seen mostly as single cells or pairs and short chains in liquid media, and which may exhibit bipolar staining (better visualized if either Wright-Giemsa or . Blood tests frequently show elevated white blood cell counts with increased band forms, reduced platelet counts, elevated creatinine concentrations, and elevated liver function tests. Non-motile (37C and room temperature). Furthermore, Pla inhibits the cationic antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin in pulmonary secretions, and this could enable Y. pestis to be a strong pathogen in the lung (31). This multidrug resistance was carried by a 150 kb plasmid, which was transferable in vitro to E. coli and back to Y. pestis. In Madagascar in 1996-1998, 61% of confirmed and presumptive cases were children and adolescents (0-19 years) and 57% were male (20). Yersinia pestis is a Gram-negative bacillus, or rod, form bacteria. In rare cases of gangrene affecting digits or extremities, amputations and skin grafting have been carried out. More recently, plague has occurred sporadically or in limited outbreaks. Frean J, Klugman KP, Arntzen L, Bukofzer S. Susceptibility of Yersinia pestis to novel and conventional antimicrobial agents. Found inside – Page 140... needle aspirate of node for Gram stain and culture Group B Streptococcus Ages 2–6 ... United States serve as the vectors for Y. pestis (bubonic plague). Positive Catalase Gram-negative rods Bipolar staining (resembling closed safety pin) may be evident a nonmotile, gram-negative, facultative intracellular bacillus. [PubMed], 18. Pestis adequately. Cough, not prominent initially, develops within 24 hours. Yersinia pestis and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are gram-negative bacteria pathogenic for animals and humans. Plague may cause massive, often suppurative lymphadenopathy (buboes), severe pulmonary infection, and/or septicemia. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2005; 80:138-140. Virulent Y. pestis needs iron for growth and uses the pgm locus to adsorb hemin, which contains ferric iron in the form of ferriprotoporphyrin chloride. Geneva, Switzerland: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization, 2000. Kousoulis AA, et al. Yersinia pestis Characteristics Chart Gram stain: • Plump, Gram negative rods (1.0-2µm x 0.5µm) • Variable bipolar staining seen with Giemsa or Wright stain • Single cells or pairs and short chains Colony morphology: • Pinpoint, gray-white and translucent at 24h on BAP; 1-2 mm, gray-white to slightly yellow and opaque after 48h. In most cases, antibiotic therapy suffices to cure patients. This country produces its own streptomycin, which is exclusively used for plague. The V-antigen of Yersinia forms a distinct structure at the tip of injectisome needles. *= See Biochemical Tests for Gram Negative Organism ID Job aid for positive and negative result reference. Pneumonic plague can also be transmitted via exposure in a laboratory or intentional aerosol spread as an act of bioterrorism Biological Agents as Weapons Biological warfare (BW) is the use of microbiological agents for hostile purposes. Pneumonic plague cluster, Uganda, 2004. All patients die in about 3-5 days after onset of symptoms unless they are promptly treated within 24 hours after onset of symptoms. Gram-negative bacillus. Transcriptomic and innate immune responses to Yersinia pestis in the lymph node during bubonic plague.
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